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The multiplexing and logical channel prioritization is left to the eNodeB implementation, for the uplink the process by which a UE creates a MAC PDU to transmit using the allocated radio resources is fully standardized; this is designed to ensure that the UE satisfies the QoS of each configured radio bearer in a way which is optimal and consistent between different UE implementations. Based on the uplink transmission resource grant message signalled on the PDCCH, the UE has to decide on the amount of data for each logical channel to be included in the newMAC PDU, and, if necessary, also to allocate space for a MAC Control Element.

The Logical Channel Prioritization procedure is applied when a new transmission is performed.

One simple way to meet this purpose is to serve radio bearers in order of their priority. Following this principle, the data from the logical channel of the highest priority is the first to be included into the MAC PDU, followed by data from the logical channel of the next highest priority, continuing until the MAC PDU size allocated by the eNodeB is completely filled or there is no more data to transmit.

RRC controls the scheduling of uplink data by signalling for each logical channel: priority where an increasing priority value indicates a lower priority level, prioritisedBitRate which sets the Prioritized Bit Rate (PBR), bucketSizeDuration which sets the Bucket Size Duration (BSD).

The UE shall maintain a variable Bj for each logical channel j. Bj shall be initialized to zero when the related logical channel is established, and incremented by the product PBR × TTI duration for each TTI, where PBR is Prioritized Bit Rate of logical channel j. However, the value of Bj can never exceed the bucket size and if the value of Bj is larger than the bucket size of logical channel j, it shall be set to the bucket size. The bucket size of a logical channel is equal to PBR × BSD, where PBR and BSD are configured by upper layers.

Although this kind of priority-based multiplexing is simple and favours the highest priorities, it sometimes leads to starvation of low-priority bearers. Starvation occurs when the logical channels of the lower priority cannot transmit any data because the data from higher priority logical channels always takes up all the allocated radio resources.

To avoid starvation, while still serving the logical channels according to their priorities, in LTE a Prioritized Bit Rate (PBR) is configured by the eNodeB for each logical channel. The PBR is the data rate provided to one logical channel before allocating any resource to a lower-priority logical channel.

In order to take into account both the PBR and the priority, each logical channel is served in decreasing order of priority, but the amount of data from each logical channel included into the MAC PDU is initially limited to the amount corresponding to the configured PBR. Only when all logical channels have been served up to their PBR, then if there is still room left in the MAC PDU each logical channel is served again in decreasing order of priority.

In this second round, each logical channel is served only if all logical channels of higher priority have no more data for transmission. 

In most cases, a MAC Control Element has higher priority than any other logical channel because it controls the operation of a MAC entity. Thus, when a MAC PDU is composed and there is a MAC Control Element to send, the MAC Control Element is included first and the remaining space is used to include data from logical channels. One exception to this rule occurs when a UE transmits the first RRC message to a target cell during a handover procedure – in this case, a MAC Control Element such as a BSR has lower priority than SRBs. This is because it is more important to complete the handover procedure as soon as possible than to inform the eNodeB of the UE’s buffer status; otherwise, the data transfer interruption time would be longer and the probability of handover failure would increase due to the delayed signalling.

Example:

LTE MAC multiplexing 

LTE MAC multiplexing by way of example. First, channel 1 is served up to its PBR, channel 2 up to its PBR and then channel 3 with as much data as is available (since in this example the amount of data available is less than would be permitted by the PBR configured for that channel). After that, the remaining space in the MAC PDU is filled with data from the channel 1 which is of the highest priority until there is no further room in theMAC PDU or there is no further data from channel 1. If there is still a room after serving the channel 1, channel 2 is served in a similar way.